Sanctuary Cities Fighting Back: How 8 Cities Beat Flock Safety and Forced ICE Accountability

By State of Surveillance Published: 2025-11-18
Resistance works: Eight cities canceled Flock Safety contracts in 2024-2025 after discovering ICE accessed their surveillance data.[1] Chicago enforced a consent decree and got 615 people released in November 2025.[9] Illinois made it illegal to share license plate data with ICE.[4] Federal courts ruled ICE operations unconstitutional in LA, Chicago, and California.[12] You're not powerless.

8 Cities Won

Canceled or paused Flock Safety contracts: Austin, Oak Park, Eugene, Springfield, Evanston, Scarsdale, Gig Harbor, Sedona

615 People Released

Chicago consent decree enforcement - November 2025 federal court order for unconstitutional ICE arrests

3 States

Blocked ICE access to Flock Safety data: Illinois, California, Virginia (investigating violations)

4,000+ Searches

ICE/CBP lookups in Illinois Flock data (June 2024-May 2025) violated state law, now blocked

## The Victories: When Cities Said No to ICE Surveillance They said [Flock Safety was unstoppable](/articles/surveillance/flock-safety-20-billion-scans-ice-access). 20 billion scans per month. 5,000 agencies. [ICE backdoor access](/articles/surveillance/ice-surveillance-arsenal-complete-tech-stack). Too big to fight. **Eight cities proved them wrong.** ### The Map: Who Canceled Flock Safety (2024-2025)

Oak Park, Illinois

Date: August 5, 2025

Vote: 5-2 to cancel contract[2]

Why: Federal immigration enforcement agents' potential access to Oak Park data would violate village's immigration sanctuary ordinance[3]

Result: 8 cameras deactivated[2]

State action: Illinois Secretary of State found Flock violated state law by sharing data with CBP[4]

Austin, Texas

Date: June 2025

Vote: City councilors voted against renewal

Why: Privacy concerns, ICE access, community opposition

Impact: Largest city to reject Flock contract

Evanston, Illinois

Date: August 2025

Action: Officials ordered Flock to deactivate all 19 cameras, issued termination notice

Why: Audit revealed Illinois data shared with U.S. Customs and Border Protection in violation of state law[7]

Result: Complete shutdown

Eugene & Springfield, Oregon

Date: 2024

Why: Oregon sanctuary laws prohibit using agency resources to detect or apprehend people for immigration enforcement

Result: Both cities let contracts lapse

Woodburn, Oregon

Date: November 2025

Action: Suspended Flock Safety cameras

Why: Concerns about federal ICE enforcement, sanctuary law violations

Status: Temporary suspension, evaluating permanent cancellation

Sedona, Arizona

Date: September 9, 2024

Vote: Unanimous to end contract

Why: Privacy concerns, surveillance overreach

Result: First major cancellation, inspired others

Scarsdale, New York

Date: 2024

Why: Community pressure, privacy violations

Result: Contract ended

Gig Harbor, Washington

Date: 2024

Action: Canceled contract

Why: Data sharing concerns

### What Triggered the Wave: The Illinois Investigation **June 2024 - May 2025:** Data revealed more than **4,000 lookups** with search terms like "immigration," "ICE+ERO," or "ICE WARRANT" in Illinois Flock Safety system.[5] **Who searched:** U.S. Customs and Border Protection, using data from Illinois cities.[6] **The problem:** Illinois law (passed 2023) bars sharing license plate data with police investigating undocumented immigrants. **What happened:** - Illinois Secretary of State Alexi Giannoulias investigated - Found Flock Safety was running pilot program with CBP - Flock leadership claimed they were "unaware" of the pilot - State ruled it violated Illinois law[4] **Flock's response (June 2025):** - System now rejects searches with terms "abortion," "immigration," or "ICE" - Put hold on all DHS pilot programs (CBP and HSI) - Suspended access for law enforcement in California, Illinois, and Virginia **Result:** Exposed the backdoor. Proved [ICE was accessing local surveillance networks](/articles/surveillance/flock-safety-20-billion-scans-ice-access) without public knowledge.[15] ## Chicago's Consent Decree: The Blueprint That Works November 12, 2025: Federal Judge Jeffrey Cummings ordered **615 people released** from ICE detention because their arrests likely violated the Castañon Nava consent decree's warrant and probable-cause requirements.[9][10] **This is what winning looks like.** ### The Castañon Nava Consent Decree **Background:** After decades of ICE abuse in Chicago, the **Castañon Nava Consent Decree** (2022) required ICE to: - Use judicial warrants for arrests (not Form I-200) - Establish probable cause before arresting - Stop using administrative warrants to circumvent Fourth Amendment **Why it exists:** ICE had pattern and practice of unconstitutional arrests in Chicago. **What it requires:** Real warrants signed by judges, not ICE officers. ### How Chicago Enforced It **June-October 2025:** ICE conducts **Operation Midway Blitz** - arrests 3,000+ people in Chicago. **The violation:** ICE used Form I-200 administrative warrants instead of judicial warrants required by consent decree. **What advocates did:** - National Immigrant Justice Center tracked arrests - Documented pattern of I-200 warrant use - Filed enforcement motion in federal court - Showed ICE agents had training on consent decree but ignored it **October 2025:** Judge Cummings found systematic violations. **November 12, 2025:** Court ordered:[11] - Up to 615 people placed on alternatives to detention starting November 21 - ICE must lift conditions of release - Reissue Nava Warrantless Arrest Policy nationwide - Re-train all officers who violated consent decree - Extend consent decree until February 2, 2026 **The key:** Consent decree gave court enforcement power. ICE couldn't just ignore it. ### Why This Worked When Nothing Else Does **Most resistance fails because:** - [Qualified immunity protects agents](/articles/surveillance/qualified-immunity-ice-agents-shield-accountability) - DOJ won't prosecute - Individual lawsuits get dismissed - Policy changes get reversed **Consent decrees work because:** - Federal court order with ongoing jurisdiction - Court can enforce through contempt - Violations have immediate remedies (release people) - Established "clearly established law" in that jurisdiction - Harder to reverse than policy changes **Limitation:** Only applies in jurisdiction with existing consent decree. Chicago has one. Most cities don't. **How to get one:** Class action lawsuit → settlement or court order → consent decree. Takes years. But once you have it, it's enforceable. ## The Federal Court Victories: Judges Ruling ICE Unconstitutional Chicago isn't alone. Federal judges across the country ruled ICE operations violate the Constitution in 2025. ### Los Angeles: Racial Profiling Raids (July 2025) **What happened:** ICE conducted warrantless raids in Latino neighborhoods. Arrested people based on "looking foreign." **Who sued:** ACLU and immigrant rights groups **Defendants:** DHS Secretary Kristi Noem, ICE Acting Director **Claims:** - Fourth Amendment (warrantless arrests) - Equal Protection (racial profiling) **Status:** Discovery phase **Significance:** Major city challenging raids as unconstitutional racial profiling ### California: Military Deployment Violates Posse Comitatus Act (September 2, 2025) **What happened:** Trump deployed National Guard troops for immigration enforcement. **Ruling:** Federal Judge Charles Breyer found it violated the **Posse Comitatus Act** (1878 law banning military in civilian law enforcement).[12][13] **The violations:** 7 detentions by National Guard troops - even though each under 10 minutes, still violated the Act. **Who sued:** California AG Rob Bonta and Governor Gavin Newsom **Result:** Injunction against military troops detaining civilians for immigration[14] **Significance:** First federal ruling that Trump's military deployment for immigration enforcement is unconstitutional **Quote:** Elizabeth Goitein (Brennan Center): **"unprecedented"** and **"really dangerous"** military involvement in civilian law enforcement. ### Immigration Court Arrests: Class Action **Claims:** DHS and DOJ colluded to arrest people inside courthouses during immigration hearings. **Theory:** Turning courts into ICE traps violates due process and right to counsel. **Status:** Class certification pending **Scope:** Potentially thousands of people arrested at immigration courts nationwide **Significance:** Challenges entire practice of courthouse arrests ### What These Rulings Mean **Practically:** Some people released, some injunctions, some policy changes. **Legally:** Establishes Fourth Amendment violations, Equal Protection violations, Posse Comitatus violations. **Long-term:** Creates "clearly established law" for future cases, chips away at qualified immunity. **But:** [ICE keeps doing it anyway](/articles/surveillance/ice-illegal-arrests-laws-broken-future-accountability) because agents face zero consequences. ## The State-Level Wins: Laws That Block ICE Access States are passing laws to cut ICE off from surveillance data. ### Illinois: Made Sharing with ICE Illegal (2023) **Law:** Bars sharing license plate reader data with police investigating: - Out-of-state abortions - Undocumented immigrants **Effect:** Flock Safety violated this law by sharing Illinois data with CBP (4,000+ searches June 2024-May 2025). **Enforcement:** Secretary of State found violation, Flock suspended ICE/CBP access. **Result:** ICE can't access Illinois Flock data anymore. Cities nationwide began canceling Flock contracts over the same concerns.[8] ### California: Investigating and Suspending Access **Action:** Flock Safety suspended access to surveillance systems for law enforcement agencies in California after investigation into ICE access. **Status:** State investigating whether data sharing violated California sanctuary laws. **Potential:** California has strongest sanctuary protections - if enforced, could ban ICE from all Flock data statewide. ### Virginia: 3,000 Immigration Searches Under Investigation **Discovery:** Virginia surveillance network had 3,000 immigration-related searches in 12 months. **Investigation:** State examining whether sharing violated Virginia law. **Status:** Ongoing **Significance:** Even non-sanctuary states investigating ICE access. ### Washington: Unknowing Backdoor Access **Finding:** University of Washington Center for Human Rights found Washington agencies gave Border Patrol "backdoor" access they didn't authorize. **Result:** State agencies reviewing Flock contracts and access logs. **Potential:** Could lead to Washington law restricting federal access. ## The Policy Tools: What Sanctuary Cities Actually Do "Sanctuary city" isn't a legal term. It's a collection of policies limiting ICE cooperation. ### What Sanctuary Policies Can Do: **1. Ban ICE from city property** - Chicago: October 2025 executive order banning ICE from city property - Effect: ICE can't use city facilities for detention, processing, or operations **2. Prohibit local police cooperation** - Refuse to honor ICE detainer requests - Don't share arrest information with ICE - Don't allow ICE access to jails - Don't assist in immigration enforcement **3. Require judicial warrants** - Consent decrees (Chicago) - Local policy requiring real warrants before any cooperation - Training officers to recognize I-200 vs judicial warrants **4. Cancel surveillance contracts that feed ICE** - Flock Safety cancellations (8 cities) - Ban on facial recognition for local police - Limits on data sharing with federal agencies **5. Biometric privacy laws** - 23 states have biometric privacy laws - Restrict collection, use, and sharing of facial recognition data - Create private right of action for violations **6. State sanctuary laws** - Illinois: Statewide sanctuary protections - California: California Values Act (SB 54) - Oregon: Sanctuary law prohibiting state resources for immigration enforcement ### What Sanctuary Policies CAN'T Do: **They can't stop ICE from operating.** Federal law enforcement can operate regardless of local cooperation. **They can't prevent federal arrests.** ICE doesn't need local permission. **They can't block ICE from using federal systems.** ICE has its own databases, surveillance tools, detention facilities. **But:** They make it harder. ICE operates less effectively without local cooperation, local data, and local resources. ### The Stateline Analysis: "Even Sanctuary Policies Can't Stop ICE Arrests" **Reality check:** February 2025 Stateline article: "Even sanctuary policies can't stop ICE arrests." **Why:** ICE doesn't need local help to: - Conduct workplace raids - Arrest people in public - Use [federal surveillance tools](/articles/surveillance/ice-surveillance-arsenal-complete-tech-stack) - Access [Flock Safety data through other jurisdictions](/articles/surveillance/flock-safety-20-billion-scans-ice-access) - Deploy [facial recognition](/articles/surveillance/ice-facial-recognition-real-time-deportation) **But:** Sanctuary policies still matter because: - Reduce ICE effectiveness by 40-60% (estimates vary) - Force ICE to use more resources per arrest - Create legal liability when ICE violates consent decrees - Protect residents from local police becoming ICE agents - Send political message that community protects immigrants **The goal isn't to make ICE arrests impossible. It's to make them harder, riskier, and more legally vulnerable.** ## How Your City Can Fight Back: The Toolkit You don't need to be Chicago. Any city can implement these. ### Step 1: Audit Your Surveillance Contracts **What to look for:** - Flock Safety or other license plate readers - Ring partnerships (police access to doorbell footage) - Facial recognition systems - Data sharing agreements with federal agencies - Fusion center participation **How to find out:** - FOIA request: "All contracts with surveillance vendors" - FOIA request: "All data sharing agreements with DHS, ICE, CBP, or federal law enforcement" - Public records request: "Access logs for license plate reader systems showing federal agency searches" **What you'll probably find:** Your city has contracts you didn't know about. Federal agencies have access you didn't authorize. ### Step 2: Demand Transparency **City council should require:** - Public disclosure of all surveillance contracts - Annual reporting on federal access to local systems - Impact assessments before new surveillance deployment - Community approval for data sharing with federal agencies **Model ordinances:** - Seattle: Surveillance Impact Reports required for all city surveillance - Oakland: Privacy Advisory Commission reviews all surveillance - San Francisco: Surveillance Technology Ordinance ### Step 3: Cancel Contracts That Feed ICE **Target list:** - **Flock Safety:** License plate readers - [20 billion monthly scans, ICE backdoor access](/articles/surveillance/flock-safety-20-billion-scans-ice-access) - **Ring partnerships:** [Police can request doorbell footage](/articles/surveillance/ring-doorbell-scanning-faces-without-consent), now integrated with Flock - **Clearview AI:** If local police use it, ICE uses it - **Data brokers:** Any third-party with access to city data **How 8 cities did it:** 1. Document ICE access through FOIA 2. Show contract violates sanctuary policy 3. Public pressure campaign 4. City council vote to terminate 5. Alternative surveillance options that don't feed federal databases **Timeline:** Oak Park did it in 3 months. Austin took 6 months. Sedona took 4 months. ### Step 4: Pass Sanctuary Ordinances **Model language from successful cities:** **From Chicago ordinance:** - City employees prohibited from assisting ICE without judicial warrant - ICE banned from city property without warrant - Local police cannot honor ICE detainer requests - No city resources for immigration enforcement **From Oak Park ordinance:** - Village will not share resident data with federal immigration enforcement - No village resources used to detect or apprehend people for immigration violations - Includes prohibition on surveillance systems accessible to ICE **From Illinois state law:** - License plate data cannot be shared with police investigating undocumented immigrants - Biometric data collection restricted - Private right of action for violations **How to pass:** 1. Research existing ordinances in other cities 2. Adapt to local context 3. Build coalition (immigrant rights groups, ACLU, privacy advocates) 4. Public education campaign 5. City council sponsorship 6. Vote **Timeline:** 6-18 months depending on city politics ### Step 5: Enforce Through Consent Decrees **This is the nuclear option.** Requires lawsuit, but creates enforceable court order. **When to pursue:** - ICE has pattern of unconstitutional arrests in your city - Local advocacy has capacity for multi-year litigation - Evidence of systematic Fourth Amendment violations **How it works:** 1. Document pattern of violations (need dozens/hundreds of cases) 2. File class action lawsuit 3. Negotiate consent decree or get court order 4. Decree establishes requirements (judicial warrants, probable cause, etc.) 5. Court maintains jurisdiction to enforce 6. Violations = contempt of court = immediate remedies **Example:** Chicago's Castañon Nava decree required years of advocacy, litigation, documentation. But resulted in 615 people released in November 2025. **Resources:** - National Immigrant Justice Center: model litigation - ACLU: consent decree advocacy - Immigration legal services: case documentation ## The Opposition: How Trump Administration Fights Back Sanctuary cities are winning battles. Trump wants to win the war. ### Federal Crackdown Attempts (2025): **"Sanctuary jurisdiction" list:** DOJ published list of cities/counties with sanctuary policies. Meant to shame and pressure. **Federal funding threats:** Trump threatened to cut federal grants to sanctuary cities. **Court results:** Mixed. Some judges upheld sanctuary laws (Illinois, Chicago, Cook County - July 2025). Some let Trump restrict funding. **Portland victory:** April 2025 - Federal judge halted Trump's "arbitrary and capricious" orders jeopardizing millions in federal grants to Portland and other sanctuary cities. **Overall:** Trump's legal crackdown "yielded few tangible results" according to CBS News analysis (2025). Most lawsuits still unresolved. Local Democratic leaders "doubling down" on sanctuary policies. ### Operation Guardian Angel: The Loophole Closer **What it is:** Trump program to "close the loophole in sanctuary cities' schemes that allow them to simply ignore administrative ICE detainer warrants." **How it works:** Unclear. Likely involves direct ICE operations bypassing local cooperation. **Effect:** Makes sanctuary cities work harder, but doesn't eliminate protections. ### The Real Threat: Political Retaliation **Beyond legal:** - Congressional investigations of sanctuary city mayors - Federal prosecutions of officials who "obstruct" ICE - Funding cuts where courts allow - Political pressure campaigns **Example:** Judge Shelley Joseph (Massachusetts, 2018) - prosecuted by DOJ for helping immigrant avoid ICE in courthouse. Charges eventually dropped, but sent message. **Current climate:** Trump administration prosecutes people who help immigrants, not agents who violate Fourth Amendment. ## Why This Matters Beyond Immigration Tools built for immigration enforcement become tools for political control. **The pipeline:** 1. [ICE gets surveillance tools](/articles/surveillance/ice-surveillance-arsenal-complete-tech-stack) - facial recognition, spyware, license plate readers 2. [Flock Safety expands](/articles/surveillance/flock-safety-20-billion-scans-ice-access) - 20 billion scans, 5,000 agencies 3. [Palantir integrates everything](/articles/surveillance/palantir-immigration-machine-277-million) - $287 million deportation machine 4. [Trump deploys against critics](/articles/surveillance/political-surveillance-trump-2025-critics-targeted) - political surveillance, not just immigration 5. [No accountability](/articles/surveillance/ice-illegal-arrests-laws-broken-future-accountability) - qualified immunity, loyalist DOJ **Sanctuary cities that cancel Flock aren't just protecting immigrants. They're preventing political surveillance infrastructure.** **When Austin canceled Flock, they protected:** - Immigrants from ICE - Abortion seekers from out-of-state prosecution - Protesters from tracking - Everyone from mass surveillance **When Chicago enforces consent decree, they establish:** - Fourth Amendment still matters - Courts can force federal compliance - Documentation + litigation = accountability **When Illinois bans data sharing with ICE, they prove:** - States can limit federal surveillance - Privacy laws have teeth - Resistance is possible ## The Roadmap: What Victory Looks Like **Short-term wins (2025-2026):** - 8 cities canceled Flock → target: 50 cities by 2026 - Chicago released 615 people → replicate consent decrees in LA, New York, Denver - Illinois blocked ICE data access → California, Washington, Oregon do same - Federal courts ruled operations unconstitutional → build case law **Medium-term goals (2026-2028):** - 23 states with biometric privacy laws → target: all 50 states - Flock Safety loses 20% of contracts due to ICE access concerns - Federal consent decrees in 10 major cities - State laws prohibiting surveillance data sharing with federal immigration enforcement - Supreme Court limits qualified immunity (optimistic, but possible with different Court composition) **Long-term transformation (2028+):** - Federal legislation limiting ICE surveillance tools - Qualified immunity eliminated for law enforcement - Warrant requirements enforced nationwide - Biometric surveillance regulated like wiretaps - Immigration enforcement subject to Fourth Amendment accountability **Realistic assessment:** Won't achieve all this. But each win makes next one easier. **Oak Park inspired Evanston. Evanston inspired Woodburn. Woodburn will inspire others.** That's how movements work. ## What You Can Do Right Now ### As an Individual: **1. Know your rights:** [Don't open door for I-200 warrants](/guides/basic/know-your-rights-ice-encounters) **2. Protect yourself from surveillance:** - [Defeat facial recognition](/guides/advanced/how-to-defeat-facial-recognition) - [Opt out of data brokers](/guides/advanced/data-broker-opt-out-guide) - [Use Signal, not WhatsApp](/guides/basic/secure-communications-signal-guide) **3. Document ICE activity:** - Report to: Informed Immigrant (informedimmigrant.com) - Record badge numbers, dates, locations - Share with local immigrant rights groups ### As a Community Member: **1. Demand Flock audit:** - FOIA your city: "All contracts with Flock Safety" - FOIA: "Access logs showing federal agency searches" - Present findings to city council **2. Organize campaign:** - Contact: 8 cities that succeeded (they'll share strategies) - Build coalition: immigrant rights + privacy advocates + civil libertarians - Public education: "Your tax dollars fund ICE surveillance" **3. City council pressure:** - Attend meetings - Testify - Demand vote on Flock contract - Present Oak Park/Austin/Evanston as models ### As an Organizer: **1. Coalition building:** - ACLU affiliate - Local immigrant rights organizations - Privacy advocacy groups - Faith communities - Labor unions **2. Documentation project:** - Track ICE arrests in your city - Document Fourth Amendment violations - Build evidence for consent decree litigation **3. Policy campaign:** - Draft sanctuary ordinance - Model on successful cities - Legislative champions - Public campaign - Council vote ### As a Lawyer: **1. Consent decree litigation:** - National Immigrant Justice Center has models - Class action for pattern of Fourth Amendment violations - Years-long commitment, but works **2. Individual representation:** - Challenge I-200 warrants - Fourth Amendment motions - Document qualified immunity abuses **3. FOIA litigation:** - Force transparency on surveillance contracts - Access logs - Data sharing agreements ## The Bottom Line: Resistance Works **They said Flock Safety was too big to fight.** Eight cities canceled contracts. **They said ICE can't be held accountable.** Chicago got 615 people released. **They said qualified immunity is bulletproof.** Federal judges ruled arrests unconstitutional anyway. **They said sanctuary policies are symbolic.** Illinois made ICE access illegal and enforced it. **Every "impossible" thing happened because people organized and fought.** Oak Park didn't wait for federal reform. They canceled Flock in 3 months. Austin didn't wait for court ruling. City council voted not to renew. Chicago didn't accept "that's just how it is." They litigated for years and won. **You don't need federal legislation to protect your community. You need:** - FOIA requests - City council allies - Public pressure - Organized coalition - Willingness to fight **The tools:** - Model ordinances exist - Legal resources available - Eight cities proved it works - Blueprint is public **The opposition:** - Trump administration will fight back - Qualified immunity still shields agents - ICE will keep operating - This isn't easy **But it's possible.** And when you win, you protect: - Immigrants from deportation - Everyone from mass surveillance - Your community from political targeting - Fourth Amendment from erosion **Start with FOIA request.** "Does my city have Flock Safety contract? Does ICE access our data?" **You might be surprised.** Then you organize. Then you win. Eight cities did it. Yours can too. ## Resources **Organizations that can help:** **Legal/advocacy:** - National Immigrant Justice Center: immigrantjustice.org - ACLU Immigrants' Rights: aclu.org/issues/immigrants-rights - National Immigration Law Center: nilc.org **Campaign models:** - Oak Park Flock cancellation: derekeder.com/blog/why-i-voted-to-cancel-flock - Electronic Frontier Foundation: eff.org/issues/street-level-surveillance **Documentation:** - Informed Immigrant: informedimmigrant.com - Mijente: notechforice.com **Model policies:** - Sanctuary city ordinances: ilrc.org - Surveillance ordinances: aclu.org **Your move.** ## References
  1. NBC News - "Flock police cameras scan billions per month, sparking protests" - at least 8 cities canceled or paused contracts since summer 2024
  2. Wednesday Journal - "Oak Park terminates Flock license plate reader contract" - 5-2 vote, 8 cameras deactivated (August 7, 2025)
  3. Derek Eder - "Why I voted to cancel Oak Park's contract with Flock" - village trustee on sanctuary-ordinance concerns
  4. Illinois Secretary of State - "Giannoulias' Audit Finds License Plate Reader Company in Violation of State Law" (August 25, 2025)
  5. WTTW - "License Plate Camera Company Operating in Illinois Halts Cooperation With Federal Agencies" - 4,000+ immigration lookups (August 26, 2025)
  6. Straight Arrow News - "ICE illegally gains informal access to nationwide license plate camera network"
  7. Wednesday Journal - "After Oak Park cut ties, state says Flock Safety broke the law" - Illinois data shared with CBP (August 28, 2025)
  8. NPR - "Why some cities are canceling Flock license plate reader contracts" (February 17, 2026)
  9. National Immigrant Justice Center - "Federal Judge in Chicago Orders ICE to Release Hundreds of People From Detention" (November 2025)
  10. CNN - "Judge orders release of hundreds arrested in Illinois immigration crackdown" - 615 placed on alternatives to detention (November 12, 2025)
  11. Reason - "Federal judge orders over 600 ICE detainees to be released from custody" (November 12, 2025)
  12. CNN - "Judge says Trump administration's use of US military in Los Angeles violated federal law" - Judge Breyer, Posse Comitatus Act (September 2, 2025)
  13. Brennan Center for Justice - "Court Finds Trump's Use of Soldiers in Los Angeles Is Illegal"
  14. California Department of Justice - "Judge Rules Trump Administration's Use of Military Troops in LA is Unlawful"
  15. Electronic Frontier Foundation - "EFF's Investigations Expose Flock Safety's Surveillance Abuses: 2025 in Review"